Electric Field – Definition & Related Phenomena - Basic Knowy - Compiled By Bilal Ahmad Khan AKA Mr. BILRED
Electric Field – Definition & Related Phenomena
Definition: An electric field is a region around a charged object where other charged objects experience a force. It is represented by the symbol E and is defined as the force per unit charge: E = F / q
where F is the force acting on a test charge q.
Units: The SI unit of the electric field is Newton per Coulomb (N/C) or Volt per meter (V/m).
Direction: The direction of the electric field is away from positive charges and towards negative charges.
Key Equations:
For a point charge: E = (kQ)/r^2 where k is Coulomb’s constant.
For a uniform field: E = V/d where V is voltage and d is distance.
Definition: An electric field is a region around a charged object where other charged objects experience a force. It is represented by the symbol E and is defined as the force per unit charge: E = F / q
where F is the force acting on a test charge q.
Units: The SI unit of the electric field is Newton per Coulomb (N/C) or Volt per meter (V/m).
Direction: The direction of the electric field is away from positive charges and towards negative charges.
Key Equations:
For a point charge: E = (kQ)/r^2 where k is Coulomb’s constant.
For a uniform field: E = V/d where V is voltage and d is distance.
Extended Concepts
Pyroelectricity(Heat/Cool):
Definition: Certain materials generate an electric charge when heated or cooled due to asymmetric crystal structures.
How It Works: When temperature changes, the internal structure of the material shifts, causing charge separation and voltage generation.
Example: Infrared sensors in motion detectors, thermal cameras, energy harvesting applications.
Applications: Fire detection systems, energy harvesting, medical imaging.
Key Material: Tourmaline, Lithium Tantalate (LiTaO₃), Gallium Nitride (GaN), Barium Titanate (BaTiO₃).
Definition: Certain materials generate an electric charge when heated or cooled due to asymmetric crystal structures.
How It Works: When temperature changes, the internal structure of the material shifts, causing charge separation and voltage generation.
Example: Infrared sensors in motion detectors, thermal cameras, energy harvesting applications.
Applications: Fire detection systems, energy harvesting, medical imaging.
Key Material: Tourmaline, Lithium Tantalate (LiTaO₃), Gallium Nitride (GaN), Barium Titanate (BaTiO₃).
Piezoelectricity(Pressure):
Definition: Some crystals generate an electric charge when mechanically stressed.
How It Works: When pressure is applied, the structure deforms, shifting charge centers and generating voltage.
Example: Quartz watches (mechanical pressure → electricity), electric lighters, ultrasound machines.
Applications: Sonar systems, pressure sensors, medical ultrasound, microphones, energy harvesting.
Key Materials: Quartz, PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate), Rochelle salt, PVDF (Polyvinylidene fluoride), Barium Titanate.
Definition: Some crystals generate an electric charge when mechanically stressed.
How It Works: When pressure is applied, the structure deforms, shifting charge centers and generating voltage.
Example: Quartz watches (mechanical pressure → electricity), electric lighters, ultrasound machines.
Applications: Sonar systems, pressure sensors, medical ultrasound, microphones, energy harvesting.
Key Materials: Quartz, PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate), Rochelle salt, PVDF (Polyvinylidene fluoride), Barium Titanate.
Triboelectricity(Friction):
Definition: Electric charge generated by friction between different materials.
How It Works: When two materials come into contact and separate, electrons transfer, leading to charge imbalance.
Example: Rubbing a balloon on hair, static electricity in clothes, lightning formation in storms.
Applications: Energy harvesting, anti-static coatings, touch sensors, electrostatic painting.
Key Materials: Glass, rubber, silk, fur, amber, Teflon, nylon.
Definition: Electric charge generated by friction between different materials.
How It Works: When two materials come into contact and separate, electrons transfer, leading to charge imbalance.
Example: Rubbing a balloon on hair, static electricity in clothes, lightning formation in storms.
Applications: Energy harvesting, anti-static coatings, touch sensors, electrostatic painting.
Key Materials: Glass, rubber, silk, fur, amber, Teflon, nylon.
Electret Materials:
Definition: Materials that maintain a permanent electric charge or dipole moment.
How It Works: Similar to dielectrics but with a quasi-permanent internal charge polarization.
Example: Used in microphones, electrostatic air filters, copy machines, MEMS sensors.
Applications: Long-lasting electrostatic charge storage, sensors, biomedical implants, high-efficiency filters.
Key Material: Teflon-based materials, polymer electrets (polypropylene, PVDF), silicon dioxide coatings.
Definition: Materials that maintain a permanent electric charge or dipole moment.
How It Works: Similar to dielectrics but with a quasi-permanent internal charge polarization.
Example: Used in microphones, electrostatic air filters, copy machines, MEMS sensors.
Applications: Long-lasting electrostatic charge storage, sensors, biomedical implants, high-efficiency filters.
Key Material: Teflon-based materials, polymer electrets (polypropylene, PVDF), silicon dioxide coatings.
Ferroelectricity
Definition: Materials that exhibit spontaneous electric polarization, which can be reversed by an external electric field.
How It Works: Unlike ordinary dielectrics, ferroelectric materials have a switchable permanent dipole moment due to asymmetric lattice structure.
Example: Used in non-volatile memory (FeRAM), capacitors, sonar devices, high-precision actuators.
Applications: Non-volatile data storage, piezoelectric actuators, energy-efficient capacitors, tunable RF devices.
Key Material: Barium Titanate (BaTiO₃), Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT), Strontium Bismuth Tantalate (SBT).
Definition: Materials that exhibit spontaneous electric polarization, which can be reversed by an external electric field.
How It Works: Unlike ordinary dielectrics, ferroelectric materials have a switchable permanent dipole moment due to asymmetric lattice structure.
Example: Used in non-volatile memory (FeRAM), capacitors, sonar devices, high-precision actuators.
Applications: Non-volatile data storage, piezoelectric actuators, energy-efficient capacitors, tunable RF devices.
Key Material: Barium Titanate (BaTiO₃), Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT), Strontium Bismuth Tantalate (SBT).
3. Real-Life Applications & Examples
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