Types Of Errors In C++ Programming - Programming Basics - Bilal Ahmad Khan AKA Mr. BILRED

Types Of Errors In C++ Programming - CppNotes - Basic Knowy

Introduction

Errors in C++ programming, Aah! I guess every programmer faces them. But, There are some types of errors in programming, and understanding different types of errors might help in debugging and improving code efficiency.

In C++, errors can be classified into three main types:

1. Syntax Errors (Compile-Time Errors)
2. Logical Errors
3. Runtime Errors (Exceptions)

We’ll go through each of them one by one!

1.     Syntax Errors (Compile-Time Errors)

A syntax error occurs when the code does not follow the rules of the C++ language. These errors are detected by the compiler before the program runs

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

    cout << "Hello, World!"  // Missing semicolon

    return 0;

}

Error: expected ';' before 'return'
Fix: Add a semicolon at the end of the cout statement.

 

2. Logical Errors

A logical error happens when the program runs but produces incorrect results. These errors do not generate compiler warnings, making them harder to detect.

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

 

int main() {

    int num1 = 5, num2 = 10;

    int sum = num1 - num2;  // ❌Wrong operator used (should be +)

   

    cout << "Sum: " << sum << endl;  // Output: Sum: -5 (Incorrect)

    return 0;

}

Error: The program runs successfully but gives an incorrect result.
Fix: Change num1 - num2 to num1 + num2.

3. Runtime Errors (Exceptions)

A runtime error occurs during program execution. These errors can cause the program to crash

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

 

int main() {

    int a = 10, b = 0;

    cout << "Result: " << (a / b);  // ❌ Division by zero

    return 0;

}

 

Error: Floating-point exception (crash).
Fix: Check for zero before performing division.

Example 2: Out-of-Bounds Array Access

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

 

int main() {

    int arr[3] = {1, 2, 3};

    cout << arr[5];  //  Accessing an invalid index

    return 0;

}

 

 

Error: Undefined behavior, might crash or give garbage value.

Fix: Ensure the index is within array bounds

 

Other Types of Errors

4. Semantic Errors

Semantic errors occur when the code is logically correct but does not do what was intended.

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

 

int main() {

    int x = 5;

    cout << "Double of x is: " << x * x << endl;  // Should be x * 2

    return 0;

}

 

 

Error: The code compiles, but the logic is wrong.

Fix: cout << "Double of x is: " << x * 2 << endl;

5. Linker Errors

Linker errors occur when the compiler cannot link referenced functions or libraries.

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

 

void show();  // Function declared but not defined

 

int main() {

    show();  // Linker error: Undefined reference to 'show'

    return 0;

}

 

 

A Simple Encoded Note for nerds, but with a good heart…

SSBqdXN0IHdhbm5hIGNvbnZlcnQgbXkgU1RSRVNTIGludG8gUFJPRFVDVElWSVRZLCBTbyBJIG1hZGUgdGhpcywgTUFZQkU=

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Disclaimer:

Help provided as a courtesy. Outcomes and decisions are yours to own. 

AI has been used to assist in create this content, If Any Errors Found, Please Contact Bilal Ahmad Khan AKA Mr. BILRED ASAP

Github: I have uploaded some notes on my Github Profile mostly in pdf form, feel free to visit.

My Github: https://github.com/BilalAhmadKhanKhattak 

AppliedPhysicsNotesByBilred

CalculusNotesByBilred

CppNotes

What I Think:

"Knowledge Should Be Shared

Only With The One

Who Knows Its True Worth!

Not Everyone Deserves It" 

- Bilal Ahmad Khan AKA Mr. BILRED